Subtitle : Subjectivity of opinions (An Essay)
Music, in its essence, is a universal language that transcends borders, cultures, and time. It has been a powerful tool for expression, revolution, and healing throughout human history. However, the perception of music is deeply subjective, influenced by personal experiences, cultural contexts, and societal norms. This subjectivity often leads to divergent opinions about the value and impact of different musical genres. Recently, Jamaican reggae artist Buju Banton voiced his criticism of the Afrobeats genre during an appearance on the “Drink Champs” podcast, asserting that Afrobeats lacks the depth and socio-political consciousness traditionally associated with reggae music.
While Banton’s opinions reflect his strong connection to the roots of reggae, it is essential to examine and dispute his comments by exploring the diverse contributions of African musicians who create music that uplifts, educates, and informs.n this essay, we will look into the historical role of reggae music in Africa’s liberation struggles, with a special highlight on Bob Marley’s performance at Zimbabwe’s independence. We will then explore the subjective nature of musical appreciation and how this subjectivity informs different perspectives on genres like reggae and Afrobeats. Finally, we will provide concrete examples of African musicians across the continent who, much like reggae artists, continue to make music that speaks to the struggles, hopes, and aspirations of black people globally.
Reggae Music and the Struggle for Freedom in Africa
Reggae music has a rich history intertwined with the struggles for freedom and justice across the world, particularly in Africa. Originating in Jamaica in the late 1960s, reggae quickly became more than just a musical genre; it became a voice for the oppressed and marginalized, speaking out against injustice, inequality, and colonialism. The genre’s deep roots in Rastafarianism—a spiritual and political movement that emerged in Jamaica in the 1930s—further infused reggae with themes of resistance, liberation, and a connection to Africa.
During the 1970s and 1980s, reggae music found a receptive audience in Africa, a continent that was in the throes of liberation movements against colonial powers. The message of freedom and resistance in reggae resonated deeply with Africans who were fighting for their independence. Reggae artists like Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, and Burning Spear became symbols of the global struggle against oppression. Their music provided a soundtrack to the African liberation movements, reinforcing the continent’s aspirations for freedom and justice.
Bob Marley and the Independence of Zimbabwe
One of the most iconic moments in the history of reggae music’s influence on African liberation was Bob Marley’s performance at the independence celebrations of Zimbabwe in 1980. Zimbabwe, formerly known as Rhodesia, had been under white minority rule for decades. The country’s liberation struggle, led by the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU), culminated in independence on April 18, 1980.
Bob Marley had long been a vocal supporter of African liberation, and his song “Zimbabwe,” released in 1979 on the album Survival, became an anthem for the liberation movement. The lyrics of “Zimbabwe” resonate with the themes of resistance and the inevitability of freedom, as Marley sings, “Every man gotta right to decide his own destiny / And in this judgement, there is no partiality.”
Marley was invited to perform at the independence celebrations, and his presence at the event was highly symbolic. His performance of “Zimbabwe” at the Rufaro Stadium in Harare was not just a musical moment; it was a powerful statement of solidarity with the people of Zimbabwe. Marley’s performance was a reminder of the global nature of the struggle against oppression and the role of music in inspiring and sustaining that struggle.
The significance of Marley’s performance in Zimbabwe cannot be overstated. It underscored reggae music’s role as a unifying force and a tool for inspiring resistance against oppression. Marley’s music, with its messages of unity, freedom, and resistance, became anthems for not only Zimbabwe but for liberation movements across Africa. This moment highlighted the profound impact that reggae had on the continent’s fight for independence and justice.
The Subjectivity of Musical Opinions
While the historical connection between reggae music and African liberation is undeniable, it is important to recognize that music is subjective, and opinions about its value and impact can vary widely. Buju Banton’s critique of Afrobeats, as expressed on the “Drink Champs” podcast, reflects his personal perspective and the cultural lens through which he views music. However, this perspective does not necessarily align with the experiences and interpretations of others, particularly those who are deeply connected to the Afrobeats genre.
Afrobeats, though the term has existed since the 1950s popularised by Fela Kuti, as the genre we know today emerged from Nigeria in the late 2000s, has rapidly gained global popularity. Characterised by its fusion of traditional African rhythms with contemporary sounds, Afrobeats has become a dominant force in the global music scene. Artists like Burna Boy, Wizkid, and Davido have achieved international success, bringing African music to a wider audience.
Buju Banton’s assertion that Afrobeats lacks the inspirational qualities of reggae overlooks the diversity and complexity of the genre. Just as reggae was born out of the socio-political struggles of its time, Afrobeats reflects the contemporary realities of African societies. While the genre is often associated with upbeat, danceable rhythms, it also includes a wide array of songs that address serious social issues such as poverty, corruption, mental health, and cultural identity.
African Musicians Creating Conscious Music
To dispute Banton’s comments, it is essential to highlight the work of African musicians who are creating music that uplifts, educates, and informs. Across the continent, numerous artists are using their platforms to address pressing social issues, much like the reggae artists of the past.
Bonga (Angola)
Bonga, one of Angola’s most celebrated musicians, has been a powerful voice for social justice and freedom throughout his career. His music blends traditional Angolan rhythms with modern sounds, creating a unique style that resonates across Lusophone Africa. Bonga’s song “Mona Ki Ngi Xica” is an iconic piece that reflects on the pain of the Angolan people during the struggle for independence from Portuguese colonial rule. His work has consistently addressed issues of cultural identity, resistance, and the fight for justice, making him a key figure in African music.
Lokua Kanza (Democratic Republic of Congo)
Lokua Kanza, a Congolese singer-songwriter, is known for his soulful music that often explores themes of love, peace, and humanity. His gentle melodies and thoughtful lyrics have earned him recognition not just in Central Africa but across the world. In songs like “Plus Vivant,” Lokua Kanza speaks to the resilience of the human spirit, addressing the importance of hope and unity in the face of adversity. His music often serves as a reminder of the shared struggles and aspirations of people everywhere.
Fally Ipupa (Democratic Republic of Congo)
Fally Ipupa, a contemporary Congolese artist, is known for his ability to blend traditional soukous with modern genres such as R&B and hip-hop. His music often addresses serious social issues, such as the plight of child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In his song “Kiname,” Ipupa raises awareness about this humanitarian concern, using his platform to shed light on an issue that is often overlooked by the global community.
Juliani (Kenya)
In East Africa, Juliani, a Kenyan rapper, has made a name for himself with his socially conscious lyrics. His music often tackles issues such as corruption, social injustice, and the struggles of everyday life in Kenya. One of his most notable songs, “Utawala,” criticises poor governance and calls for accountability from leaders. Juliani’s work resonates with many Kenyans who are frustrated with the status quo, and his music has become a platform for political expression and activism.
Sauti Sol (Kenya)
Sauti Sol, a popular band from Kenya, is known for their unique blend of Afro-pop, soul, and traditional Kenyan music. Their song “Tujiangalie” addresses social issues such as governance, societal responsibility, and the challenges facing the youth. The track calls for self-reflection and accountability, urging Kenyans to take charge of their destiny by critically examining their role in the nation’s problems. Sauti Sol’s ability to weave social commentary into their music has earned them a dedicated following not only in East Africa but across the continent.
Diamond Platnumz (Tanzania)
Diamond Platnumz is one of East Africa’s biggest musical exports, with a career that has brought Tanzanian music to the global stage. While much of his music is centred on love and celebration, Diamond Platnumz also addresses social issues in his work. His song “Baba Lao” reflects on the struggles and aspirations of the youth in Tanzania, encouraging resilience and hard work as a path to success. Diamond’s influence extends beyond music, as he actively participates in various social causes and uses his platform to promote peace and unity in the region.
Burna Boy (Nigeria)
Burna Boy, one of the most prominent figures in Afrobeats, has consistently used his music to address social and political issues. His 2020 album Twice as Tall features the song “Monsters You Made,” which directly confronts the legacy of colonialism and systemic oppression. The song’s lyrics, “We’re from the block where it rains / Where we create barricades / Keep our position ’cause we’re paving the way,” reflect the resilience and resistance of marginalized communities. Burna Boy’s music is not just about entertainment; it is a call to action, a demand for justice, and a reflection of the struggles faced by many Africans today.
Davido (Nigeria)
Davido, one of Africa’s most influential Afrobeats artists, is widely recognised for his energetic performances and catchy tunes. However, beneath the surface of his upbeat tracks, Davido often incorporates themes of resilience, perseverance, and social consciousness. His song “Fem,” released during the #EndSARS protests in Nigeria, became an anthem for the youth demanding an end to police brutality. The song’s lyrics, calling for silence from those who undermine the movement, resonated with a generation eager for change. Davido’s active participation in the protests and his use of music to amplify the voices of the oppressed highlight his role as more than just an entertainer, but as a voice for social justice.
Tems (Nigeria)
Another rising star in the Afrobeats scene, Tems, uses her music to explore themes of mental health and personal struggles. Her song “Free Mind” delves into the challenges of navigating mental health issues while striving for personal growth and clarity. Tems’ ability to blend personal experience with broader societal themes makes her a significant voice in contemporary African music. Her work challenges the stereotype that Afrobeats lacks depth, demonstrating that the genre is capable of addressing complex and important issues.
A-Reece (South Africa)
A-Reece is one of the most influential voices in South African hip-hop known for his introspective lyrics and ability to blend personal storytelling with broader social commentary, A-Reece often tackles issues such as mental health, identity, and the pressures of fame. His album “Today’s Tragedy, Tomorrow’s Memory” reflects on the struggles faced by young South Africans, particularly in the context of socioeconomic challenges and the mental toll of navigating modern life. A-Reece’s music is a reflection of the complexities of South African society and resonates with a generation that is grappling with the legacies of the past and the challenges of the present.
Amanda Black (South Africa)
Amanda Black, known for her powerful voice and emotive lyrics, continues to address themes of identity, empowerment, and resilience in her music. Her latest releases reflect on personal and collective struggles, touching on issues such as mental health, cultural identity, and the role of women in society. Amanda Black’s music is deeply rooted in her Xhosa heritage, and she uses her platform to celebrate African culture while also addressing contemporary social issues. Her song “Power” is an anthem of empowerment, encouraging listeners to find strength in their identity and heritage.
Loyiso Gijana (South Africa)
Loyiso Gijana, a South African artist, is known for his powerful song “Madoda Sabelani,” which addresses the critical issue of gender-based violence. The song calls on men to take responsibility for their actions and promotes a culture of respect and safety for women. Gijana’s music reflects the urgent need for social change in South Africa and highlights the ongoing struggles within the country, particularly regarding gender-based violence. His work is a prime example of how contemporary African artists are using their platforms to address critical societal issues, much like the reggae artists of the past.
Tocky Vibes (Zimbabwe)
Tocky Vibes continues to be a major voice in Zimbabwean music, known for his unique blend of dancehall and traditional Zimbabwean sounds. His music often addresses social issues such as economic hardship, cultural identity, and the struggles of everyday life. Songs like “Mhai” have resonated deeply with Zimbabweans, particularly because of its focus on family values and the hardships faced by the working class. Tocky Vibes continues to use his platform to highlight the challenges faced by ordinary Zimbabweans, encouraging resilience and pride in their cultural heritage.
Holy Ten (Zimbabwe)
Another example from Southern Africa is Holy Ten, a prominent figure in Zimbabwean hip-hop. His music frequently explores the challenges faced by the youth in Zimbabwe, including economic hardships and mental health issues. Songs like “Ndaremerwa” reflect the frustrations and struggles of young people in a country grappling with economic instability and political turmoil. Holy Ten’s music resonates with many Zimbabweans who see in his lyrics a reflection of their own lives and struggles. By addressing these issues, Holy Ten continues the tradition of using music as a tool for social commentary and resistance.
Ammara Brown (Zimbabwe)
Ammara Brown, daughter of the legendary Andy Brown, continues to make her mark in the Zimbabwean music scene with her powerful voice and socially conscious lyrics. Her music often touches on themes of empowerment, particularly women’s rights and gender equality. In her song “Akiliz,” Ammara Brown addresses the complexities of love and relationships, while also exploring the broader societal expectations placed on women. Her work is a blend of soulful melodies and poignant messages that resonate with a wide audience in Zimbabwe and beyond.
The Broader African Musical Landscape
Beyond the individual examples, it is important to recognise the broader landscape of African music, which is rich with artists who, like their reggae predecessors, are committed to making music that matters. African music has always been a reflection of the continent’s diverse cultures, histories, and struggles. From the traditional rhythms of West Africa to the contemporary sounds of Afrobeats, African music is as varied as it is impactful.
In Mali, artists like Ali Farka Touré have long used their music to address social and political issues. Salif Keita, often referred to as the “Golden Voice of Africa,” has been a vocal advocate for the rights of people with albinism, using his platform to raise awareness and combat discrimination. Ali Farka Touré, on the other hand, was known for his songs that celebrated Mali’s rich cultural heritage while also addressing the challenges of poverty and social inequality.
In Ethiopia, the late Tilahun Gessesse, often hailed as the “Voice of Ethiopia,” used his music to address issues such as national pride, unity, and social justice. His songs played a significant role during the political changes in Ethiopia, becoming anthems for a generation seeking freedom and change.
In the Democratic Republic of Congo, artists like Papa Wemba and Franco Luambo Makiadi used their music to comment on the social and political issues of their time. Papa Wemba, known as the “King of Rumba Rock,” was not only a musical innovator but also a cultural ambassador who used his platform to address issues such as the struggles of life in Kinshasa, the Congolese capital. Franco, with his band TPOK Jazz, was famous for his songs that critiqued societal norms and political corruption in Congo.
The Misunderstanding of Contemporary African Music
Buju Banton’s criticism of Afrobeats may stem from a misunderstanding or underestimation of the genre’s complexity and the context in which it has developed, particularly considering the language and cultural differences. While it is true that Afrobeats often embraces themes of celebration, love, and enjoyment, this does not diminish its capacity to address deeper social issues. In fact, the celebratory nature of Afrobeats can be seen as a form of resistance in itself—an affirmation of life, joy, and resilience in the face of adversity.
Moreover, the criticism overlooks the fact that music serves multiple purposes. While reggae has been a vehicle for political expression and social critique, it has also produced songs that celebrate life, love, and spirituality. Similarly, Afrobeats encompasses a wide range of themes, from love and celebration to social justice and cultural identity. The diversity within the genre reflects the diversity of the African continent itself.
Music as a Reflection of Society
Music is, and has always been, a reflection of society. It mirrors the joys, struggles, and aspirations of the people who create and consume it. In this sense, both reggae and Afrobeats are products of their respective environments, shaped by the unique cultural, historical, and social contexts from which they emerge.
Reggae music emerged in Jamaica during a time of social upheaval, political unrest, and the rise of the Rastafarian movement. Its themes of resistance, liberation, and spiritual awakening were a direct response to the conditions of the time. Similarly, Afrobeats has emerged in a rapidly changing Africa, where issues such as urbanisation, globalisation, and the quest for identity are at the forefront. The genre reflects the vibrancy, diversity, and dynamism of contemporary African societies.
A Call for Broader Understanding
In disputing Buju Banton’s comments, it is important to advocate for a broader understanding of the role that different musical genres play in society. Just as reggae has been a powerful tool for resistance and social change, Afrobeats and other African musical genres continue to serve as platforms for addressing critical issues. The richness and diversity of African music cannot be reduced to a single narrative. Instead, it should be celebrated for its ability to capture the full spectrum of human experience, from joy and love to struggle and resistance.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Buju Banton’s critique of Afrobeats, while reflective of his deep connection to the roots of reggae, overlooks the significant contributions of African musicians who are creating music that uplifts, educates, and informs. Across the continent, from Nigeria to Zimbabwe, from Mali to South Africa, artists are using their platforms to address pressing social issues, much like the reggae artists of the past. Their work demonstrates that African music, in all its diversity, remains a powerful tool for social commentary and change.
As we continue to explore and appreciate the contributions of African musicians, it is crucial to recognize the subjectivity of musical opinions and the importance of understanding the cultural and historical contexts from which different genres emerge. By doing so, we can foster a greater appreciation for the rich tapestry of global music and the many ways it can inspire, educate, and uplift.
The Future of African Music
Looking forward, the future of African music is bright and full of potential. As more African artists gain international recognition, there is an increasing opportunity for these musicians to influence global conversations about social justice, identity, and cultural heritage. The fusion of traditional African sounds with contemporary genres continues to push the boundaries of what African music can achieve, both artistically and politically.
Moreover, the rise of digital platforms has made it easier for African musicians to reach global audiences, further amplifying their voices. This increased visibility not only allows African artists to share their stories with the world but also helps to break down stereotypes and challenge misconceptions about Africa and its people.
In the years to come, we can expect to see even more African musicians using their platforms to address the pressing issues of our time, from climate change and migration to gender equality and human rights. These artists will continue to build on the legacy of those who came before them, using music as a tool for education, empowerment, and social change.
Summary
Buju Banton’s comments on the “Drink Champs” podcast reflect a narrow view of Afrobeats and overlook the rich tradition of socially conscious music that exists across Africa. While reggae has played a crucial role in the struggle for freedom and justice, particularly in Africa, it is important to recognise that African musicians today continue to create music that is just as powerful, meaningful, and impactful.
From the anthems of Bob Marley that inspired liberation movements across Africa to the contemporary sounds of Burna Boy, Tems, and Holy Ten, music remains a vital tool for expressing the hopes, dreams, and struggles of black people worldwide. By celebrating the diversity of African music and acknowledging the contributions of artists from across the continent, we can foster a deeper understanding of the role that music plays in shaping our world.
Ultimately, music is a reflection of the human experience, and its value cannot be measured solely by its political content or social impact. Instead, we should embrace the full spectrum of musical expression, recognizing that every genre has something valuable to offer. By doing so, we honour the rich cultural heritage of African music and the many ways it continues to inspire, uplift, and educate audiences around the globe.
About the Guest Author:
Tavengwa Jake Sipapate, a strategist, communications, and project manager with diverse experience across multiple sectors with a specialty for designing programs and initiatives. He is particularly recognized for his impactful contributions to healthcare strategy and marketing communications, where his passion for embedding purpose and driving change is evident. Connect with him on social media: Tavengwa Jake Sipapate on Facebook, @Sipapate on Instagram, and @SipapateAtWork on X (formerly Twitter).